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Occult metastasis rates are larger in sufferers with high-grade medications zetia order hydrea 500mg on line, advanced T stage tumors with extracapsular extension and facial paralysis [32] treatment efficacy hydrea 500 mg discount. Where lymph nodes are clinically concerned symptoms 5 days before your missed period discount hydrea 500 mg with amex, a therapeutic complete neck dissection is indicated medicine 751 m buy hydrea 500 mg lowest price. Additionally, tumors that are advanced T stage (invading adjoining structures), have nodal involvement, and perineural and angiolymphatic invasion can also bene t from adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy [25,31]. Accelerated hyperfractionated photon beam radiation remedy has additionally provided good locoregional control [35]. Chemotherapy isused for palliating symptomatic sufferers with metastatic illness. Numerous chemotherapeutic agents have been used, both alone or together, but none with very encouraging outcomes [40]. A mixture of platinum and taxanes, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin and several other combinations have been reported [40]. In patients with domestically advanced disease further resection of adherent or involved constructions, References 177 histopathology, website and extent of recurrence, earlier therapy and particular person factors. Surgical resection, if potential, adopted by radiation remedy or reirradiation can be utilized relying on the nature and extent of recurrence. Skeletal metastasis could be managed by surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or biphosphonates as indicated. Salivary gland metastasis could have an indolent course with extended survival regardless of the superior nature of the disease. Since late relapse can occur, yearly follow-up may be continued for up to 20 years. However, they pose a challenge to the surgeon by their histological range, unpredictable behaviour and tendency for long-term recurrences. Tumours of the minor (oropharyngeal) salivary glands: a demographic examine of 336 cases. Second main neoplasms amongst 53 159 haematolymphoproliferative malignancy patients in Sweden, 1958�1996: a search for frequent mechanisms. Second cancers after medulloblastoma: population-based results from the United States and Sweden. Subsequent primary cancers after basal-cell carcinoma: a nationwide research in Finland from 1953 to 1995. Diagnosis and classification of salivary neoplasms: pathologic challenges and relevance to scientific outcomes. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands: clinicopathologic review of 108 sufferers treated on the National Cancer Institute of Milan. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the main salivary glands: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 234 circumstances with evaluation of grading standards. Benign and malignant salivary gland illnesses in kids A retrospective study of 549 instances from the Salivary Gland Registry, Hamburg. Salivary gland carcinoma: independent prognostic factors for locoregional control, distant metastases, and total survival: results of the Dutch Head and Neck Oncology Cooperative Group. Prognostic factors for long run results of the treatment of patients with malignant submandibular gland tumors. Recurrent pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: report of 126 cases and a evaluation of the literature. The indications for elective treatment of the neck in most cancers of the major salivary glands. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locoregionally advanced and highrisk salivary gland malignancies. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locoregionally advanced salivary gland malignancies. Salivary gland tumors treated with adjuvant intensity- modulated radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Outcomes of postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy for regionally advanced major salivary gland carcinoma. Systemic therapy in the administration of metastatic or advanced salivary gland cancers. Signi cant advances in the prognosis and administration of paranasal sinus malignancies have led to correct delineation of tumor extent and protected excision of tumors, even involving the cranial base, with cosmetically acceptable outcomes. Microvascular free tissue switch has made it potential to reconstruct these giant defects e ectively. Infratemporal fossa It is located below and medial to the zygomatic arch bounded anteriorly by posterior surface of maxilla; superiorly by greater wing of sphenoid and squamous temporal bone; medially by lateral pterygoid plate and laterally by the ramus of mandible. Lymphatic drainage e lymphatic drainage of the paranasal sinuses goes primarily to the retropharyngeal and lateral pharyngeal nodes at the base of the skull, and subsequently to the upper jugular lymph nodes. Regional lymph node involvement at initial presentation is reported in roughly 10% of patients, however the total reported danger of nodal involvement is near 30% and is mostly seen with maxillary sinus most cancers [2]. Contrast enhancement improves tumor de nition from adjoining so tissues, while bone windows delineate the bony architecture [5]. Axial photographs reveal tumor extension via the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus into the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae. Common presenting signs embrace nasal obstruction, nasal discharge (mucoid or bloody), anosmia and headache. Failure of those symptoms to respond to applicable medical therapy ought to alert the doctor to the chance of malignancy. Invasion of adjoining structures is an obvious however late manifestation of the disease and will present as so tissue swelling of the face, non-healing ulcer within the palate, proptosis, epiphora, blurred vision, diplopia or center ear e usion. Prosthetic or dental work-up Evaluation by a maxillofacial prosthodontist is required to get hold of a preoperative dental impression for creation of a postoperative prosthesis. Treatment 181 Biopsy Tumors con ned to the maxillary sinus may be accessed endoscopically by creation of a large antrostomy near the region of the pure ostium. Tumors of the ethmoid sinus could be approached endoscopically or by an external ethmoidectomy approach through a Lynch incision. Frontal sinus tumors are uncommon and trephination through the oor of the sinus is used for biopsy of the lesions. Cancers located above the road (suprastructure) have a worse prognosis, as these tumors are in proximity to major vascular, neural and intracranial constructions, and margin adverse resection is di cult to obtain. Surgery is indicated the place a margin adverse resection (R0) of the tumor may be attained with acceptable morbidity. Microvascular free ap reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation have decreased morbidity following intensive resection. Medial maxillectomy is indicated for tumors involving the lateral wall of the nasal cavity or medial wall of the maxillary antrum.

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Effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative insulin resistance as evaluated by insulin clamp method medications used for adhd buy discount hydrea 500 mg on line. Fast-track restoration programme after pancreatico-duodenectomy reduces delayed gastric emptying medications hyperkalemia purchase 500mg hydrea. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by metoclopramide combined with dexamethasone: randomised double blind multicentre trial symptoms congestive heart failure buy 500 mg hydrea with visa. A systematic evaluate of intraoperative warming to stop postoperative problems treatment definition math discount hydrea 500 mg with visa. Strict thermoregulation attenuates myocardial damage throughout coronary artery bypass graft surgery as reflected by reduced levels of cardiac-specific troponin I. The results of delicate perioperative hypothermia on blood loss and transfusion requirement. Randomized scientific trial of perioperative systemic warming in main elective belly surgical procedure. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, Hjortso E, Ording H, Lindorff-Larsen K, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparability of two References one hundred fifteen 95. Enhanced recovery program in colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hence, it may enhance patient outcomes, for example, by decreasing the number of optimistic resection margins or by lowering the risk of iatrogenic injury to very important constructions. Consequently, comparatively deep tissue penetration could be achieved enabling visualization of constructions up to a depth of 10 mm [5,6]. A high uence fee of the excitation gentle can be optimum to achieve deep tissue penetration. However, the protection of the technique is partly dependent on illumination levels: excessive levels can burn tissue and photobleach contrast brokers [8]. Some imaging methods have the ability to show a real-time overlay of the uorescence and normal mild image, which reinforces anatomical orientation of the origin of the uorescent signal. No established uorescence imaging normal is out there resulting in di culties evaluating the efficiency of imaging gadgets in an goal method [9]. During surgical procedure, the radioactive signal may be traced using a handheld gamma probe. Blue dye is injected peritumourally within the operating room, previous to the rst incision, providing visible steering to the surgeon. Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes can sometimes even be identi ed percutaneously, which facilitates the process and may lower incisional size and postoperative morbidity [18]. Allergic reactions a er administration are rare and have been documented in lower than 1:10,000 sufferers, but only in doses above 0. A fluorescent rim pattern surrounding the colorectal liver metastasis clearly marks the border of the tumour. Identification of vital constructions Morbidity a er surgical procedure depends partly on the extent of injury to important constructions, similar to nerves, ureters and bile ducts. Although improvements in surgical methods, for instance, the introduction of laparoscopic and robotic surgical procedure, have decreased morbidity charges, iatrogenic injury is usually inevitable. However, nerve damage continues to be frequently observed, resulting in pain, numbness, weak spot or paralysis. However, a er 4�8 h the liver tissue gradually darkens, leaving solely the bile ducts uorescent [34]. Improved anatomical orientation could lower complication charges, for instance, in patients with an aberrant biliary anatomy or extreme adhesions or these present process main liver surgical procedure. A retrospective study compared 332 colorectal most cancers patients who underwent surgery and intraoperative laser uorescence angiography with 306 matched managed colorectal most cancers patients [43]. Furthermore, use of uorescence led in 16% of patients to a change of the initially planned level of transection of the bowel by revealing insu cient perfusion. Fluorescence angiography has also been confirmed to be helpful in reconstructive cancer surgical procedure [44]. By intraoperative identi cation of vascular perfusion of free or pedicled aps, optimally perfused aps could be ensured and venous out ow can be monitored [45]. In pancreatic cancer patients, further metastases have been identi ed in eight out of 49 patients (16%) [47]. In patients with uveal melanoma with liver metastases, laparoscopic uorescence imaging identi ed multiple further liver lesions Perfusion angiography Su cient blood supply is of significant importance within the creation of intestinal anastomosis. Although complications, Future perspectives 121 in two out of three patients [48]. A attainable rationalization for this failure could be the di erence in tumour biology [53,fifty six,57]. A recent research confirmed visualization of hyperparathyroid adenomas a er a single injection of zero. Since the rst report of intraoperative use of uorescein for the detection of mind tumours in 1948, uorescence imaging has been utilized in neurosurgical procedures [61]. Identi cation of novel targets, primarily based on the assorted hallmarks of cancer, has paved the finest way for growth of tumour-speci c uorophores [64]. Imaging methods are nonetheless comparatively expensive and speci c coaching is required to use them. Furthermore, uorophores must be optimized, for example to improve penetration capacity or to enhance retention in targeted tissue. Targets can be antibodies, however different ligands corresponding to fragments of antibodies, nanobodies, small peptides or a lot larger nanoparticles are additionally undergoing analysis for medical translation [66]. Conjugated to an 800 nm uorophore, this probe showed tumour-speci c targeting in a quantity of mouse fashions. Translation of most of these probes to the clinic is to be expected in the near future. Along with developments of tumour-targeted probes, optimization of imaging systems should observe concurrently, together with improvements in sensitivity, e cacy, ergonomics and choices such as multispectral imaging [69]. In the close to future, giant scientific trials ought to concentrate on affected person outcomes and price e ciency. Near-infrared pictures utilizing continuous, phase-modulated, and pulsed light with quantitation of blood and blood oxygenation. A evaluation of efficiency of near-infrared fluorescence imaging devices utilized in scientific studies. Image-guided surgery utilizing invisible near-infrared light: fundamentals of clinical translation. Real-time near-infrared fluorescence guided surgical procedure in gynecologic oncology: a evaluate of the present state-of-the-art.

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Simple cuboidal epithelium: these cells progressively lose cilia as strikes toward distal aspect of bronchiole treatment kidney cancer generic hydrea 500 mg otc. A layer of delicate connective tissue separates respiratory bronchiole from adjoining buildings shinee symptoms cheap 500 mg hydrea with visa. Alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs � Each respiratory bronchiole offers rise to 2�3 alveolar ducts medicine cabinet cheap hydrea 500mg overnight delivery. Viva Alveoli � Alveoli are thin-walled polyhedral medicine 0027 v hydrea 500mg, sac-like terminal air areas of respiratory system that constitute the precise site for air exchange. Viva Type I Pneumocytes (95%) � these are simple squamous cells linked with each other by occluding junctions. Continuous (non-fenestrated) capillary endothelium Clinical Correlation � Pneumonia: It is the irritation of lung alveoli. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Cigarette smoke Stratified squamous epithelium � Alveolar macrophages are the first-line defense against lung an infection. These cells are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and cytoplasm of macrophage becomes brick-red coloured due to hemosiderin. These bacteria get accrued in macrophages and type multinucleated big macrophage. It affects respiratory tract, fallopian tube (infertility), and sperms (immotile sperms). Failure of ciliary actions in respiratory epithelium ends in repeated infections. Intrapulmonary bronchi � these include lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, and terminal bronchus. Trachea principal bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi massive bronchioles terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs alveoli. These are physiologically seen in 70�80% individuals [John Fordyce, 1858�1925, American dermatologist]. This cavity is crammed with pulp that consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves. Enamel � It is the toughest substance within the physique � It is made up of calcium hydroxyapatite (96�98%). These lies are known as contour lines/striae of Retzius [Anders Adolph Retzius, 1796�1860, Swedish anatomist]. Processes of cementocytes are linked with that of adjacent cementocytes by way of canaliculi. This layer seems granular on histological part [Sir John Tomes, 1815-1895, English dentist and anatomist]. They are minute conical projections which would possibly be coated by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Fungiform papillae: these are mushroom-shaped projections projecting above filiform papillae. They are current principally near the tip and can be simply recognized as small pink spots. Core of the circumvallate papillae consists of connective tissue, vessels, and nerves. Foliate papillae: They include parallel rows of ridges close to the margin of tongue in entrance of sulcus terminalis. Muscles of Tongue � Core of tongue is formed by intrinsic and extrinsic striated muscular tissues. Neuroepithelial/sensory cell: these are elongated cells that reach from basal lamina of epithelium to the taste pore. Basal portion of those cells synapse with afferent sensory processes of facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. Supporting cells: these are elongated cells that extend from basal lamina to the taste pore. Foliate: Rudimentary papillae � Taste buds: Fungiform and circumvallate papillae have taste buds that open as style pores. Digestive System I: Oral Cavity and Associated Structures (Lip, Tooth, Tongue, Salivary Glands) Flowchart 16. Secretory Acini � Salivary glands are tubuloalveolar glands salivary gland have serous, mucous, and blended acini. Identification feature � Ducts: Parotid gland has number of intralobular (intercalated and striated) ducts, and interlobular and lobar ducts. Identification characteristic � Ducts: Gland has lobar, interlobular, and intralobular (striated and intercalated) ducts. Sublingual Gland � these are small lots of glandular tissue that lie within the substance of tongue. Mucosa � Mucosa consists of three layers: Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. Terminal a half of anal canal (lined by stratified squamous epithelium) � the most important functions of epithelium are safety, absorption, and secretion. Other than these three modifications, the length of intestine and crypts (depressions of epithelium in lamina propria) also increase absorptive energy of gut. Simple tubular glands: these arise from lining epithelium and prolong into lamina propria. Submucosal glands are compound tubuloalveolar mucous secreting glands that lie in submucosa. Extramural glands: these are supportive glands that pour their secretion into lumen of intestine by way of ducts. Neet � Lamina propria additionally present house for mucosal depressions that type mucosal glands. Muscularis Mucosae � Muscularis mucosae is the graceful muscle cell layer that separates mucosa from submucosa. Lamina Propria � Lamina propria is a layer of unfastened connective tissue that helps epithelium. For instance, pharyngoesophageal sphincter (part of cricopharyngeus), lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve, and internal anal sphincter. Neet, Viva � Lumen of esophagus remains usually collapsed and opens solely during passage of a food substance. At the beginning of esophagus as a end result of cricopharyngeus muscle (pharyngoesophageal sphincter) 2. Identification function, Neet, Viva � Function: Contractions of muscularis externa propel content of intestinal lumen. Note: In upper one-third, wall of esophagus reveals skeletal muscular tissues in muscularis externa; in middle third, both skeletal and smooth muscle tissue; whereas in lower-third only smooth muscular tissues are present. These projections stop separation of epithelium from underlying connective tissue. Submucosa � It has dense irregular connective tissue that consists of bundles of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, massive blood vessels, and nerves. Ducts of those glands pass by way of lamina propria and open into lumen of esophagus. Lower third of esophagus: Smooth muscular tissues only � Muscles are organized as inner circular and outer longitudinal layer.

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Distribution and correlates of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study treatment 2 go buy 500mg hydrea mastercard. Estimating low-density lipoprotein ldl cholesterol by the Friedewald equation is sufficient for classifying patients on the idea of nationally really helpful cutpoints medicine rap song buy cheap hydrea 500 mg on-line. Beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: defining the position of low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity in coronary artery disease 98941 treatment code generic hydrea 500 mg amex. Implementation of cascade testing for the detection of familial hypercholesterolaemia medications known to cause pancreatitis 500mg hydrea with visa. Genetic and environmental factors affecting the response to statin remedy in sufferers with molecularly defined familial hypercholesterolaemia. Review of first 5 years of screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia within the Netherlands. Application of molecular genetics for diagnosing familial hypercholesterolemia in Norway: results from a family-based screening program. Effects of early ldl cholesterol intake on cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma lipids among infants until 18 months of age. Normal progress in high-risk hyperlipidemic youngsters and adolescents with dietary intervention. Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of youngsters with familial hypercholesterolemia. Soluble fiber enhances the hypocholesterolemic effect of the step I food plan in childhood. A psyllium-enriched cereal for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children: a controlled, double-blind, crossover examine. Added sugars and cardiovascular threat in youngsters: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Greater dietary consumption of simple carbohydrate is associated with lower concentrations of high-density-lipoprotein ldl cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic children. Long-term follow-up of heart problems risk factors in youngsters after an obesity intervention. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in youngsters with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized managed trial. Statin remedy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: the younger, the higher. Acceptability and compliance with two types of cholestyramine within the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in kids: a randomized, crossover trial. Efficacy and safety of cholestyramine therapy in peripubertal and prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Longer term effects of early dietary cholesterol degree on synthesis and circulating ldl cholesterol concentrations in human infants. Lipoprotein-cholesterol responses in healthy infants fed defined diets from ages 1 to 12 months: comparability of diets predominant in oleic acid versus linoleic acid, with parallel observations in infants fed a human milk-based diet. A randomized intervention since infancy to reduce consumption of saturated fat: calorie (energy) and nutrient intakes as much as the age of 10 years in the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. Dietary reference intakes for power, carbohydrate, fiber, fats, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Dietary patterns in adolescence are related to adiposity in younger adulthood in black and white females. Health effects of saturated and trans fatty acid consumption in youngsters and adolescents: systematic evaluation and meta-analysis. Mediterranean-style food plan reduces metabolic syndrome and components in obese children and adolescents with obesity. Influence of Mediterranean die ton carotid-intima media thickness in hypercholesterolemic children: A 12-month intervention examine. A randomized crossover trial of mixture pharmacologic remedy in youngsters with familial hyperlipidemia. Pediatric features of familial hypercholesterolemias: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Statin therapy for children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a scientific evaluate and meta-analysis. Efficacy and security of ezetimibe monotherapy in youngsters with heterozygous familial or nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. The therapy of hypercholesterolemic kids: efficacy and security of a mix of red yeast rice extract and policosanols. Defining the function of lipoprotein apheresis in the administration of familial hypercholesterolemia. Mycosis fungoides is the oldest entity within the area of cutaneous lymphomas, having been described greater than two centuries ago, in 1806, by the French dermatologist Alibert. It is estimated that over 90% of patients with early mycosis fungoides neither progress to tumor stage nor present extracutaneous manifestations of the illness [5, 6]. Phenotypic and genetic research confirmed that entities described up to now as "rapidly progressive" mycosis fungoides. The incidence of the illness worldwide might be round 6�7 cases/106, with many regional variations and with an everyday enhance in recent many years [7, 8]. A stabilization of the incidence has been noted in the United States within the period 1998�2009 [9]. There is the next incidence in black patients [10], and the average age of onset appears to be youthful for black than for white sufferers [11]. In spite of many years of analysis, the etiology of mycosis fungoides remains unknown. On the other hand, mycosis fungoides has been rarely noticed in unrelated married people, pointing to the existence of environmental factors [17]. In this context, a study on Iranian veterans confirmed to have exposure to sulfur mustard in the course of the Iraq�Iran war of the Eighties showed an elevated incidence of mycosis fungoides in contrast with the Iranian general population [18]. Association with long run publicity to varied allergens and association with continual pores and skin issues have also been instructed as attainable etiologic factors, however no epidemiologic examine confirmed these hypotheses beyond doubt. In truth, antibiotic remedy induces a reduction of the tumor burden in advanced phases (see section on remedy beneath in this chapter). Interestingly, mycosis fungoides has been noticed rarely in patients who obtained solid organ transplantation, suggesting that immune suppression might contribute to the event of the disease [24, 25]. In one exceptional case, mycosis fungoides has been acquired as a donorderived malignancy following reducedintensity hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a matched unrelated donor [26]. In quick, genetic background, environmental elements, chronic antigenic stimulation, and publicity to cancerogenic brokers seem to play a job in mycosis fungoides (as in lots of different human cancers), however the frame preserving all of those elements collectively is still elusive. Genetic alterations have been identified mainly in late levels of the illness, and their significance for illness initiation is Skin Lymphoma: the Illustrated Guide, Fifth Edition. Activation of genes belonging to pathways associated with irritation, immune activation, and regulation of apoptosis have been identified in the early phases but additionally in continual inflammatory dermatoses [27]. Recent developments within the analysis of clonality utilizing highthroughput sequencing showed that neoplastic T cells in early mycosis fungoides might characterize as little as 10% of the infiltrate [28], thus explaining the difficulties within the histopathological diagnosis. The small number of neoplastic cells admixed with a predominant inflammatory infiltrate must also counsel to exert warning in the interpretation of molecular options of early lesions.

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Duct System of Testis � Seminiferous tubules drain as follows: Seminiferous tubules straight tubules rete testis efferent ductules epididymis Straight Tubule (Tubuli Recti) � Short terminal part of seminiferous tubule forms straight tubules (tubuli recti) medications like lyrica cheap hydrea 500 mg amex. Maturation and Capacitation of Spermatozoa � Sperms released from Sertoli cells are nonmotile treatment zamrud hydrea 500 mg online. It involves removal of 21 � Testis is covered by fibrous tunica albuginea and vascular tunica vasculosa medicine 123 purchase hydrea 500mg amex. Neet � Seminiferous tubules drain into straight tubules (lined by Sertoli cells) after which into rete testis (lined by easy cuboidal to columnar epithelium) medications lexapro generic 500mg hydrea mastercard. Histology of epididymis (low magnification on left and A, part of epididymis with out sperms; B, section of epididymis with sperms, excessive magnification on proper, H&E stain). They help in propulsion of sperms into the epididymis from efferent ductules and in addition assist in ejaculation. StructureNeet � Adjacent partitions of Sertoli cells has junctional complexes that divide seminiferous epithelium into two compartments: Basal and luminal. Neet � Basal compartment is current between basement membrane and junctional complexes. Function � Blood�testis barrier separate haploid germ cells from immune system and prevents formation of spermspecific antibodies. Mucosa � Lumen of vas deferens is star-shaped due to longitudinal folding of mucosa. Clinical Correlation � Immotile cilia syndrome (Kartangener syndrome) is an autosomal recessive dysfunction with impaired ciliary motility causing irregular mucociliary clearance and immotile sperms (causing infertility). Hence, such instances turn out to be infertile (azoospermia) with normal secondary sexual characters due to testosterone. Functions � Peristatic contractions of ductus deferens help in rapid propulsion of sperms during ejaculation. Adventitia � It is made up of unfastened areolar tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves. It is composed of low columnar or cuboidal bigger principal cells and few interspersed, small, and spherical basal cells. Mucosa � Mucosa of seminal vesicle is thrown into quite a few folds that form many crypts and cavities (chambers). Neet � Seminal fluid is alkaline in nature that helps to neutralize vaginal secretions. Histology of seminal vesicle (low magnification on high, epithelial lining at excessive magnification in backside, H&E stain). Submucosal glands: these are tubuloalveolar glands and situated deep into the mucosa. Main prostatic glands: these are located in the outer zone of prostate and opens through ducts into the prostatic urethra. Neet � Epithelial lining of ducts: Ducts of prostate gland (12�20 in number) are lined by stratified columnar epithelium having superficial columnar cell layer and deep cuboidal cell layer. Viva � Stroma consists of clean muscle tissue, collagen, and elastic fibers running in different directions. Viva, Identification feature � Stroma also accommodates blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymphatics. Corpora Amylacea (Prostatic Concretions)Neet � In older men, a few of the prostatic alveoli present concentric lamellated our bodies referred to as corpora amylacea. Prostatic Urethra � Prostatic urethra is lined by transitional epithelium in its upper half, whereas stratified columnar epithelium in its lower half. Neet � Adenocarcinoma of prostate is a cancer that develops from parenchyma of prostate. Neet � Benign hypertrophy of prostate is common in transitional and periurethral zones, and produces urethral obstruction. Histology of prostate gland (low magnification on left, excessive magnification on right, H&E stain). Mechanism of Erection � Cavernous spaces of erectile penile tissue are supplied by helicine arteries (branches of central deep arteries). It causes compression of veins in opposition to tunica albuginea, reduces venous return and accumulation of blood in cavernous spaces, and at last erection of penis. They are mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and vaginal opening. Tunica Albuginea � Germinal epithelium rests on a connective tissue layer referred to as tunica albuginea. Viva Cortex � It is the peripheral portion of ovary that lies simply beneath the tunica albuginea. Medulla � It is located in central portion of ovary and primarily consists of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers. Steroid hormone secretion: Estrogens: It promotes progress of reproductive organs and mammary glands. Progesterone: It prepares the inner genital organs for replica in every menstrual cycle. Neet � Out of two million primary oocytes, 4 lakhs persist as a lot as puberty and only 500 ovulate. Maturing follicle (stage between secondary and Graafian follicles, High magnification, H&E stain). Female Reproductiave System I: Ovary, Uterus and Vagina 271 Ovulation � Ovulation is the release of secondary oocyte from Graafian follicle. Prostaglandin-induced clean muscle contractions of theca externa layer � Macula pellucida or stigma: At the surface of ovary masking the bulging follicle, blood supply of germinal epithelium ceases, and it leads to formation of small necrotic zone referred to as macula pellucida or stigma. Neet � Secondary oocyte begins second meiotic division however gets arrested at metaphase. Follicular Atresia � Most of the ovarian follicles degenerate and bear follicular atresia. Replacement of follicular cells by connective tissue � Macrophages remove degenerating follicular cells, oocyte, and zona pellucida by phagocytosis. Some Interesting Facts � Ovary is provided by the ovarian artery (branch of abdominal aorta) and ovarian branches of uterine artery. Ovarian follicles: � Primordial follicle: Primary oocyte coated by a flattened layer of follicular cells. Uterine or interstitial part: It lies throughout the wall of uterus and communicates with uterine cavity. Nonciliated columnar peg cells: They secrete fluid that nourishes spermatogonia and fertilized egg. Muscle Layer � Muscle coat consists of two layers of easy muscle: Inner thick round and outer skinny longitudinal layers. Serosa/Peritoneal Coat � Fallopian tube is roofed by a thin layer of connective tissue and mesothelium. Function � Bidirectional transport: Sperms toward ampulla, and ovum and fertilized egg towards uterus.

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Intravascular neoplastic cells have been documented also in a case of Kaposi sarcoma [10] medicine ball chair generic 500 mg hydrea visa. The lesions are unrelated to laboratory findings medications j-tube generic hydrea 500mg visa, illness course medicine in spanish buy discount hydrea 500mg online, therapy treatment wrist tendonitis generic hydrea 500mg without prescription, or Skin Lymphoma: the Illustrated Guide, Fifth Edition. As not all circumstances are related to arthropod bites, the term "eosinophilic dermatitis of hematological malignancies" is commonly used. Lesions arising on the nipple were well known prior to now and were termed "leukemia lymphatica mammillae" in older textbooks, however in fact relationship to Borrelia an infection was not identified at that time. Specific pores and skin manifestation on the left nipple on the web site of a Borrelia burgdorferi an infection (socalled leukemia lymphatica mammillae). In some instances other cells similar to eosinophils and epithelioid histiocytes could be discovered. A cytoplasmic monoclonal expression of immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains may be detectable in uncommon examples. Molecular genetics shows in most cases a monoclonal rearrangement of the Ig genes. The illness is characterized by a peculiar clonal heterogeneity modulated over time, explaining partially the different features found in various organs and at completely different time in the course of the course of the disease [21]. The therapy have to be planned according to the hematologic findings and the mutational standing. Management of cutaneous manifestations can usually be carried out in a dermatological setting. Rarely skin manifestations might regress slowly with none specific remedy [24]. Ibrutinib (a molecule that blocks Bcell receptor signaling) is considered as a firstline therapy if sufferers require therapy. Molecular genetics reveals the presence of a monoclonal rearrangement of the Ig genes. Rare cases with unique cutaneous involvement and extended survival have been reported [29, 30]. Patchy or nodular infiltrates characterized by predominance of small, hyperchromatic, monomorphous lymphocytes. Rare plasma cells revealed a polyclonal expression of the Ig mild chains kappa and lambda. The lesions responded very slowly to antibiotic treatment, and the patient was free of Borreliarelated pores and skin lesions 7 months after observation. Cutaneous presentation of persistent lymphocytic leukemia as distinctive extramedullar involvement in a patient with regular peripheral blood lymphocyte depend (monoclonal Bcell lymphocytosis). Cutaneous manifestations of Bcell persistent lymphocytic leukemia related to Borrelia burgdorferi infection exhibiting a marginal zone Bcell lymphomalike infiltrate. Cutaneous infiltrate of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and relationship to major cutaneous epithelial neoplasms. Skin involvement by chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is incessantly related to unrelated neoplastic or inflammatory cutaneous disease and is 10. Intravascular colonization of Kaposi sarcoma: expanding the spectrum of specific infiltrates of Bcell persistent lymphocytic leukemia. Biological and molecular characterization of a uncommon case of cutaneous Richter syndrome. Mycosis fungoides and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia � composite Tcell and Bcell lymphomas presenting in the pores and skin. Subclonal heterogeneity in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: revealing the significance of the lymphoid tumour microenvironment. Inter and intra patient clonal and subclonal heterogeneity of persistent lymphocytic leukaemia: evidences from circulating and lymph nodal compartments. Cutaneous presentation of chronic lymphatic leukaemia and response to ultraviolet B phototherapy. Efficacy of alemtuzumab in cutaneous chronic lymphocytic leukaemia involving facial pores and skin. Unusual manifestation of particular cutaneous involvement by Bcell persistent lymphocytic leukemia: spontaneous regression with scar formation. Richter syndrome first manifesting as cutaneous Bcell lymphoma clonally distinct from primary Bcell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Bcell lymphoma related to chronic lymphatic leukaemia: two instances with contrasting aggressive and indolent behaviour. Primary cutaneous Richter syndrome: prognostic implications and evaluation of the literature. Skin manifestations are more widespread in sufferers with more mature forms of myeloid leukemia however could be observed in all subtypes of it, in addition to in a small share of sufferers with chronic myelogenous leukemia and infrequently in these with myelodysplastic syndromes [2�14]. Specific skin involvement has additionally been observed within the context of therapy associated myeloid leukemia [15]. Acute myeloid leukemia is the most common form of neonatal leukemia, and pores and skin manifestations are common in this setting [16]. Cutaneous involvement in myeloid leukemia is often referred to as "leukemia cutis. In general, in patients with continual myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes, pores and skin involvement is expounded to transformation or progression of the chronic myeloid or myelodysplastic neoplasm. Another fascinating function is the uncommon occurrence of cutaneous lesions with the phenotype of dendritic cells, clonally related to the original chronic myeloid leukemia. Cases exhibiting isolated extramedullary tumors with myeloid differentiation have been denominated chloroma or granulocytic sarcoma up to now and are referred to as myeloid sarcomas [17� 20]. However, the time period myeloid sarcoma is also broadly used to refer generally to extramedullary manifestations of myeloid leukemia regardless of the number of lesions [21]. Myeloid sarcoma may precede ("de novo") or be concomitant with acute myelogenous leukemia or may observe myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative neoplasms, or continual myelogenous leukemia [22]. In the last few years, some publications dealing with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasms showed that in some patients a relationship between this entity and myelogenous leukemia exists (see Chapter 21). In this context, it ought to be famous that in some patients "inflammatory dermatoseslike" Skin Lymphoma: the Illustrated Guide, Fifth Edition. As for other forms of leukemia, particular manifestations have been observed at the site of cutaneous irritation [29�33]. In a distinct proportion of sufferers, particular skin infiltrates represent the first medical manifestation of the disease, previous blood and/or bone marrow involvement by weeks or even months ("aleukemic" cutaneous myeloid leukemia) [2, 37, 38]. These sufferers ought to be managed in the same means as these with cutaneous manifestations of known myelogenous leukemia. Phenotypic features are equivalent to these observed in typical lesions of the illness, thus permitting a proper classification of those cases. Although the infiltrate may be very sparse, cytomorphological and phenotypic options permit one to make the correct diagnosis. Skin lesions with minimal infiltrates could additionally be noticed additionally as the primary sign of relapse of myeloid leukemia in full remission. Usually the analysis of leukemia has already been established in these patients, however the presence of atypical myeloid blasts inside areas of hemorrhage should otherwise immediate a careful evaluation for myeloid leukemia. A related morphology of the neutrophils can be noticed in a sporadic setting, largely in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia (pseudoPelger�Hu�t anomaly) [42].

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Models of carers: how do social care companies conceptualise their relationship with informal carers Malnutrition prior to symptoms wisdom teeth buy hydrea 500mg visa surgery may delay restoration owing to poor wound healing or infectious problems [4] symptoms nausea buy 500 mg hydrea fast delivery. Patients with certain cancers 247 medications discount 500 mg hydrea otc, such as cancers of the pinnacle medications side effects safe hydrea 500 mg, neck, abdomen and bowel, could also be malnourished at prognosis; subsequently, nutrition intervention is o en warranted for these individuals previous to surgical procedure. However, for a lot of cancer patients, particularly those with superior illness, caloric supplementation may be of limited value due to metabolic upset induced by the illness. Understanding the results of malnutrition and of the physiopathology of weight loss mechanisms within the oncologic affected person is obligatory to arrange adequate therapies to forestall surgical complications in malnourished subjects. More than 10% lack of usual physique weight seems to be especially problematic, as is a rate of weight loss of greater than 2. Malnutrition can additionally be a signi cant issue that a ects the QoL in most cancers sufferers [12]. Undernutrition and negative vitality balance have substantial e ects on power stores and organ perform. Systemic in ammation induced by cancer is related to a higher need for glucose as substrate, resulting in breakdown of lean physique mass; muscle is converted through gluconeogenesis to glucose to be used by in ammatory tissue and cells of the immune system [13]. An enhance in fatty acid turnover occurs, with decreased manufacturing of ketone bodies, insulin resistance and fat accumulation in various organs. A lack of greater than 20% of body protein has a negative e ect on respiratory muscle construction and performance (maximal voluntary ventilation and respiratory muscle strength). Moreover, a loss of intestinal absorptive surface space is 103 104 Nutrition in most cancers and most cancers surgery regularly observed throughout malnutrition. Almost all immune functions, particularly cell-mediated immunity, are negatively a ected by undernutrition [14]. Body composition measurement is a technique to assess nutritional standing, and varied methods primarily based on atomic, molecular, organ or tissue composition are available. For extra sophisticated measurements, a four-compartment model can be utilized: fats tissue, bone mass, extracellular water and the mobile compartment (Table eleven. Asking patients about weight reduction continues to be the simplest, greatest validated method for assessing dietary status in cancer sufferers. To calculate every day vitality requirements, day by day energy expenditure ought to be assessed. Additionally, some sufferers with elevated power necessities are capable of gain weight, though this weight achieve tends to encompass increases in physique fat whereas the person continues to lose lean body mass. So, a failure in feedback regulation between dietary consumption in relation to power expenditure might add to the weight loss skilled by many cancer patients, and the extensive variability Malnutrition within the preoperative cancer affected person a hundred and five Table eleven. Nutritional screening and dietary evaluation ought to be a compulsory and common a part of the medical care of most cancers patients, given the increased danger of disease- and therapy-related undernutrition [18]. Nutritional screening needs to be easy, fast and easily carried out on admission. Nutritional evaluation is a extra detailed evaluation of dietary status, clinically indicated in oncological sufferers because of their larger danger for malnutrition. Each check has its distinctive 106 Nutrition in cancer and most cancers surgery benefits and limitations. However, their interpretation must take into consideration the underlying disease, the continued therapy and the general scientific picture. Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome, characterised by weight reduction (at least 5% or weight loss greater than 2% in individuals already showing depletion according to value of body mass index [<20 kg/m 2]), muscle and adipose tissue losing (sarcopenia) and in ammation [22]. Cancer cachexia is identi ed as an unbiased predictor of shorter survival and elevated danger of therapy failure and toxicity. It reduces the QoL and accounts for greater than 20% of all cancer-related deaths [23,24]. Lymphoma, leukemia, breast most cancers and so -tissue sarcoma have a variety of the lowest frequencies of weight reduction, while extra aggressive lymphomas, colon, prostate and lung cancers are related to an roughly 50% incidence of weight loss. Tumour-produced substances such as proteolysis-inducing issue, lipid-mobilizing issue and mitochondria-uncoupling proteins 1, 2 and three also a ect nutrient metabolism. Its e ects on fat and protein metabolism are comparable in that it potentiates lipolysis, inhibits lipoprotein lipase and reduces protein synthesis [26]. Interleukin-6 could be detected in the serum of tumour-bearing animals, where it functions to increase hepatic gluconeogenesis and proteolysis [29,30]. In addition to cytokines, several hormones and neuropeptides have lately been identi ed as having necessary features referring to most cancers cachexia. For weight loss alone to in uence the postoperative prognosis, a higher proportion is required, probably 15% or more. It should be famous that many of the parameters used to de ne nutritional status are additionally acute-phase reactants or markers of severity of illness. In truth, there are clear knowledge that some nutrition-directed therapies such because the routine use of parenteral nutrition in well-nourished patients are actually harmful [36]. A prerequisite for the use of dietary remedy in surgery sufferers should due to this fact be the presence of malnutrition. Based on a validated assessment of preoperative nutrition status, a sensible approach could be developed to optimize outcomes. Traditional vitamin assessment parameters similar to serum albumin, complete lymphocyte count, skin check reactivity (as markers of immunocompetence), anthropometric changes (triceps skinfold test) and body composition could additionally be confounded by the severity of the underlying cancer [37]. For instance, hypoalbuminemia is related to poor therapeutic, sepsis and increased surgical mortality and morbidity [36]. Several nutrition evaluation formulas have been developed to predict morbidity and mortality in surgical sufferers [39]. However, cancer patients are distinctive of their physiology: no single parameter is a de nitive, all-encompassing factor that comprehensively captures the dietary state of a cancer affected person. Patients with most cancers are nutritionally at risk and will undergo vitamin screening to establish those that require formal nutrition evaluation with growth of a diet care plan. Perioperative nutrition help therapy could also be helpful in moderately or severely malnourished patients if administered for 7�14 days preoperatively, but the potential benefits of diet help have to be weighed in opposition to the potential dangers of the nutrition support remedy itself and of delaying the operation. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could help stabilize weight in most cancers sufferers on oral diets experiencing progressive, unintentional weight reduction. Immune-enhancing enteral formulation containing mixtures of arginine, nucleic acids and important fatty acids may be helpful in malnourished sufferers present process major most cancers operations. Preoperative dietary support Preoperative dietary help has been hypothesized to bene t patients present process most cancers surgery by mitigating the results of suboptimal nutrition on postoperative morbidity and mortality. Despite signi cant modifications in elective surgical care and newer antimicrobial brokers, postoperative infectious issues stay widespread, including to size of hospital keep, healthcare costs and potential excess mortality. Recently, the primary focus of scientific nutrition has moved from the difficulty of merely covering power and nitrogen necessities (nutritional support) to the new concept of supplementing selected nutritional substrates due to their speci c pharmacological e ects (nutritional therapy). Immunonutrition is probably one of the best examples of the applying of dietary remedy in the medical scenario [44]. Glutamine can be central to multiple processes in middleman metabolism such as the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, modi cation of proteins and lipids to permit for sign transduction and secretion, and neutralization of oxidative stress associated with fast metabolism and different causes [48]. Arginine, like glutamine, is a non-essential amino acid that turns into conditionally important throughout catabolic states [49]. In most cancers patients, arginine improves nitrogen stability and boosts host immune perform.

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Combining course of indicators to consider high quality of care for surgical patients with colorectal most cancers: are scores consistent with short-term outcome High-volume versus lowvolume for esophageal resections for most cancers: the important role of case-mix changes primarily based on clinical data treatment 7th march purchase hydrea 500 mg line. Variation in case-mix between hospitals treating colorectal most cancers patients in the Netherlands georges marvellous medicine purchase hydrea 500 mg on-line. Surgical mortality as an indicator of hospital quality: the issue with small sample dimension symptoms for strep throat discount hydrea 500 mg mastercard. Variation in esophagectomy outcomes in hospitals meeting Leapfrog volume outcome requirements medications definitions purchase 500mg hydrea. Assessing the volume-outcome speculation and region-level high quality enchancment interventions: pancreas cancer surgery in two Canadian provinces. The comparative evaluation and improvement of high quality of surgical care in the Department of Veterans Affairs. When outlined this manner, palliative care is applicable across the spectrum of cancer care and not merely on the finish of life [1]. Surgery is o en considered as a heroic, life-saving and essentially physical area, of the Cartesian college of thought where physique is independent of mind, and the place results are assessed by method of demise, disability or treatment [2], death being considered failure, the least acceptable consequence [3]. Palliative care is seen by some as a less dynamic department of medicine, the place sufferers and households are metaphorically shielded from the nastier features of their disease, and the place intervention and sensible administration are viewed secondary to consolation and emotional support throughout the illness, o en until dying. Finally, we glance toward the continued integration and future improvement of this approach within the eld of surgical oncology. However, as the limitations of modern drugs had been acknowledged, a typical factor of palliative care emerged within the type of an holistic approach to affected person care. Palliative care as a definite medical specialty is a comparatively latest growth of the mid-1980s, and since then has developed quickly all through the world with native, national 83 84 Palliative care in surgical oncology and worldwide organizations founded to share good practice, present education and collaborate in research. It a rms life and regards dying as a standard process, its aim being to achieve the highest quality of life for patients and families. Surgery has its roots in palliation of both signs and illness and, till the twentieth century, the vast majority of medical and surgical procedures had been palliative in nature. Procedures for palliation of signs of bowel obstruction, for drainage of abscesses and for removal of tumours had been common. Palliative surgical procedure right now still accounts for a signi cant proportion of each cancer and common surgical procedure apply [8,9]. It is obvious, therefore, that both the historical foundation of surgical procedure and its present-day follow are intimately linked to many of the primary tenets of palliative care. However, follow regarding most cancers is the principle focus of attention of this chapter. Analgesics may be cut up into three classes: non-opioids, opioids and adjuvants (Table 9. Opioid analgesics embrace those for mild to moderate pain (step 2 opioids) and others for moderate to extreme ache (step three opioids). Apprehension relating to using opioids, displayed by both patients and professionals, can be a barrier to e ective ache aid. Respiratory melancholy can happen when massive doses of opioids are given for acute ache or in error, and sedation is often a short-lived function of early opioid use or dose increase. Nausea and vomiting Nausea and vomiting are distressing symptoms present in up to 70% of patients with superior most cancers [20�22] and four causes (gastric stasis, intestinal obstruction, medication and chemicals) account for the majority of circumstances [14�23]. Reversible causes, such as uncontrolled pain, treatment facet e ects, constipation and hypercalcemia, must be corrected where potential. Antiemetic drugs act on speci c receptors, thus emphasizing the significance of correct evaluation of potential etiologies. Where gastric stasis or useful bowel obstruction is suspected, a prokinetic antiemetic. Acting principally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the space postrema, haloperidol is e ective for chemical causes of nausea and vomiting, whether or not biochemical or drug induced. Finally, for organic bowel obstruction, motion-induced signs and raised intracranial pressure cyclizine, which acts on the vomiting centre, is suitable. Should rst-line antiemetic therapy be ine ective, trial of a broad-spectrum drug similar to levomepromazine is wise. Bowel obstruction Malignant bowel obstruction, most incessantly seen in bowel and pelvic carcinoma, occurs in 3�15% of advanced cancers [24]. It can occur anyplace within the gastrointestinal tract and could additionally be the end result of the most cancers itself, drug induced. Obstruction may cause appreciable misery to the affected person and is o en accompanied by nausea, vomiting and belly ache and distension. Surgery for obstruction is o en indicated the place a procedure is technically feasible, it carries clear bene ts and the affected person is su ciently t, but is o en not attainable, particularly in instances of di use intra-abdominal disease, rapidly recurring ascites or where there was earlier radiotherapy or intensive surgery. Medical administration of bowel obstruction hardly ever contains using a nasogastric tube or intravenous uids [14,27]. Gut motility could be improved utilizing a prokinetic drug similar to metoclopramide, probably with dexamethasone to reduce bowel edema. However, if colic is a function, prokinetic drugs and stimulant laxatives should be averted and hyoscine butylbromide should be used as an alternative. Where constipation is assumed to be a function, a stool-so ening laxative could additionally be used. Finally, management of associated nausea, which can be troublesome, can be e ected by the use of both metoclopramide (no colic) or drugs such as haloperidol and cyclizine. Vomiting, o en a function of obstruction, could additionally be improved by the measures already mentioned. However, if hyoscine butylbromide is insufficient, octreotide could also be indicated to cut back the amount of such vomits. Pharmacological intervention depends mainly on the use of opioids, benzodiazepines and, possibly, buspirone. Opioids scale back the ventilatory response to raised carbon dioxide or lowered oxygen levels [25,29], scale back anxiousness and the sensation of breathlessness and may act peripherally on native lung receptors [30]. Opioid-na�ve patients must be commenced on small doses of oral morphine regularly and the dose titrated based on response. If patients already taking opioids nd bene t from additional doses, their regular opioid could be titrated. Benzodiazepines similar to diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam have been used and, although o en empirically e ective, evidence is missing. Communication It is significant at all levels of a terminal illness to talk well with patients and their relations. What is said and what the patient could hear or understand could additionally be very di erent, resulting in misunderstanding and, not infrequently, bitterness and resentment in opposition to the bearer of the bad news [31]. O en, relations will attempt to shield the affected person and ask for them to not be informed bad news. Collusion can pull households aside at a time when they most must be near each other. Dyspnea Dyspnea, seen in 40�80% of palliative care sufferers [28], is a supply of considerable practical limitation and misery.

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